Telerehabilitation for Knee Osteoarthritis in Brazil: A Feasibility Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5195/ijt.2020.6323Keywords:
Brazil, Knee, Osteoarthritis, TelerehabilitationAbstract
Background: The effectiveness of telerehabilitation for a patient with knee osteoarthritis may depend upon the person’s adherence to intervention. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether people with knee osteoarthritis would adhere to exercise-therapy facilitated via multiple media in Brazil, a newly industrialized country. Method: This is a feasibility study, pre-post intervention. Middle aged (40-50 years) and elderly (?70 years) people with knee osteoarthritis received in-person exercise-therapy instructions on the first day, along with a booklet and DVD (videos) to take home. Participants also received six motivational phone calls throughout the 12-week treatment. Satisfaction and adherence were assessed one week after intervention with the Exercise Adherence Rating Scale (EARS), sections B and C. Preference on the method used to adhere to exercises was recorded. Conclusion: Telerehabilitation was well accepted by middle-aged and elderly Brazilians with knee osteoarthritis. The preferred media to enhance adherence, was a booklet with descriptions of the exercises, especially for the elderly cohort.
References
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Allen, K. D., Arbeeva, L., Callahan, L. F., Golightly, Y. M., Goode, A. P., Heiderscheit, B. C., … Schwartz, T. A. (2018). Physical therapy vs internet-based exercise training for patients with knee osteoarthritis: results of a randomized controlled trial. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 26(3), 383–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2017.12.008
Altman, D., Machin, D., Bryant, T., & Gardner, M. (2013). Statistics with confidence: confidence intervals and statistical guidelines. John Wiley & Sons.
Altman, R., Asch, E., Bloch, D., Bole, G., Borenstein, D., Brandt, K., … Wolfe, F. (1986). Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis: Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 29(8), 1039–1049. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780290816
Arden, N. K., & Leyland, K. M. (2013). Osteoarthritis year 2013 in review: Clinical. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 21(10), 1409–1413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2013.06.021
Azma, K., RezaSoltani, Z., Rezaeimoghaddam, F., Dadarkhah, A., & Mohsenolhosseini, S. (2018). Efficacy of tele-rehabilitation compared with office-based physical therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 24(8), 560–565. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X17723368
Baller, S., Dutta, S., & Lanvin, B. (2016). Global information technology report 2016. Ouranos Geneva.
Barton, C. J., Lack, S., Hemmings, S., Tufail, S., & Morrissey, D. (2015). The “Best Practice Guide to Conservative Management of Patellofemoral Pain”: Incorporating level 1 evidence with expert clinical reasoning. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(14), 923–934. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093637
Bellamy, N., Buchanan, W. W., Goldsmith, C. H., Campbell, J., & Stitt, L. W. (1988). Validation study of WOMAC: A health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. The Journal of Rheumatology, 15, 1833–1840.
Bellamy, N., Carette, S., Ford, P. M., Kean, W. F., Lussier, A., Wells, G. A., & Campbell, J. (1992). Osteoarthritis antirheumatic drug trials. II. Tables for calculating sample size for clinical trials. The Journal of Rheumatology, 19(3), 444–450.
Bijur, P., Silver, W., & Gallagher, E. (2001). Reliability of the visual analog scale for measurement of acute pain. Academic Emergency Medicine, 8(12), 1153–1157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb01132.x
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Cavallo, D. N., Brown, J. D., Tate, D. F., DeVellis, R. F., Zimmer, C., & Ammerman, A. S. (2014). The role of companionship, esteem, and informational support in explaining physical activity among young women in an online social network intervention. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37(5), 955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-013-9534-5
Choi, J., Hergenroeder, A. L., Burke, L., Dabbs, A. D., Morrell, M., Saptono, A., & Parmanto, B. (2016). Delivering an in-home exercise program via telerehabilitation: A pilot study of lung transplant go (LTGO). International Journal of Telerehabilitation, 8(2), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.5195/IJT.2016.6201
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1234/12345678
Cross, M., Smith, E., Hoy, D., Nolte, S., Ackerman, I., Fransen, M., … March, L. (2014). The global burden of hip and knee osteoarthritis: Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 73(7), 1323–1330. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204763
Dantas, L. O., Barreto, R. P., & Ferreira, C. H. (2020). Digital physical therapy in the COVID-19 pandemic. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 24, 381–383.
de Almeida, A. C., Pedroso, M. G., Aily, J. B., Gonçalves, G. H., Pastre, C. M., & Mattiello, S. M. (2018). Influence of a periodized circuit training protocol on intermuscular adipose tissue of patients with knee osteoarthritis: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 19(1), 421. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2325-y
Dobson, F., Bennell, K. L., French, S. D., Nicolson, P. J. A., Klaasman, R. N., Holden, M. A., … Hinman, R. S. (2016). Barriers and Facilitators to Exercise Participation in People with Hip and/or Knee Osteoarthritis: Synthesis of the Literature Using Behavior Change Theory. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95(5), 372–389. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000448
Elo, S., Kääriäinen, M., Kanste, O., Pölkki, T., Utriainen, K., & Kyngäs, H. (2014). Qualitative Content Analysis: A Focus on Trustworthiness. SAGE Open, 4(1), 215824401452263. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014522633
Fernandes, L., Hagen, K. B., Bijlsma, J. W. J., Andreassen, O., Christensen, P., Conaghan, P. G., … Vliet Vlieland, T. P. M. (2013). EULAR recommendations for the non-pharmacological core management of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 72(7), 1125–1135.
https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202745
Goode, A. D., Reeves, M. M., & Eakin, E. G. (2012). Telephone-delivered interventions for physical activity and dietary behavior change: An updated systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(1), 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.08.025
Herbert, R., Jamtvedt, G., Hagen, K. B., Mead, J., & Chalmers, I. (2011). Practical evidence-based physiotherapy-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Hinman, R. S., Lawford, B. J., Campbell, P. K., Briggs, A. M., Gale, J., Bills, C., … Bennell, K. L. (2017). Telephone-delivered exercise advice and behavior change support by physical therapists for people with knee osteoarthritis: Protocol for the telecare randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy, 97, 1–59.
Hong, S.-Y., Hughes, S., & Prohaska, T. (2008). Factors affecting exercise attendance and completion in sedentary older adults: a meta-analytic approach. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 5(3), 385–397. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18579917
Howell, D. C. (2009). Statistical methods for psychology. Cengage Learning.
Hunter, D. J., & Bierma-zeinstra, S. (2019). Osteoarthritis. Lancet, 393, 1745–1759. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30417-9
Kellgren, J. H., & Lawrence, J. S. (1957). Radiological assessment of osteo-arthrosis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 16(4), 494–502. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.16.4.494
Kloek, C. J. J., Bossen, D., Spreeuwenberg, P. M., Dekker, J., de Bakker, D. H., & Veenhof, C. (2018). Effectiveness of a blended physical therapist intervention in people with hip osteoarthritis, knee osteoarthritis, or both: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy, 98(7), 560–570. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy045
Lee, A. C. W., & Harada, N. D. (2013). Telerehabilitation as a means of health-care delivery. In S. Kumar & E. R. Cohn (Eds.), Telerehabilitation (pp. 79–89). London: Springer London. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4198-3_6
Lieber, R. L., & Fridén, J. (2000). Functional and clinical significance of skeletal muscle architecture. Muscle Nerve, 23(November), 1647–1666.
Marquez, B., Anderson, A., Wing, R. R., West, D. S., Newton, R. L., Meacham, M., … Group, T. L. A. R. (2016). The relationship of social support with treatment adherence and weight loss in Latinos with type 2 diabetes. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 24(3), 568. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21382
McAlindon, T. E., Bannuru, R. R., Sullivan, M. C., Arden, N. K., Berenbaum, F., Bierma-Zeinstra, S. M., … Underwood, M. (2014). OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 22(3), 363–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2014.01.003
Messier, S. P., Mihalko, S. L., Beavers, D. P., Nicklas, B. J., Devita, P., Carr, J. J., … Loeser, R. F. (2013). Strength Training for Arthritis Trial (START): Design and rationale. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 14(1), 208. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-14-208
Neal, B. S., Barton, C. J., Birn-Jeffrey, A., Daley, M., & Morrissey, D. (2018). The effects and mechanisms of increasing running step rate: A feasibility study in a mixed-sex group of runners with patellofemoral pain. Physical Therapy in Sport, 32, 244–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.05.018
Nelson, M. J., Crossley, K. M., Bourke, M. G., & Russell, T. G. (2017). Telerehabilitation feasibility in total joint replacement. International Journal of Telerehabilitation, 9(2), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.5195/IJT.2017.6235
Newman-Beinart, N. A., Norton, S., Dowling, D., Gavriloff, D., Vari, C., Weinman, J. A., & Godfrey, E. L. (2017). The development and initial psychometric evaluation of a measure assessing adherence to prescribed exercise: the Exercise Adherence Rating Scale (EARS). Physiotherapy (United Kingdom), 103(2), 180–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2016.11.001
Older adults and technology use | Pew Research Center. (2014, April 15). Retrieved from https://www.pewinternet.org/2014/04/03/older-adults-and-technology-use/
Pope, C., Ziebland, S., & Mays, N. (2006). Analysing qualitative data. Qualitative Research in Health Care, 63–81.
Renda, M., & Lape, J. E. (2018). Feasibility and effectiveness of telehealth occupational therapy home modification interventions. International Journal of Telerehabilitation, 10(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.5195/IJT.2018.6244
Richardson, J. T. E. (2011). The analysis of 2× 2 contingency tables—Yet again. Statistics in Medicine, 30(8), 890.
Salisbury, C., Montgomery, A. A., Hollinghurst, S., Hopper, C., Bishop, A., Franchini, A., … Foster, N. E. (2014). Effectiveness of PhysioDirect telephone assessment and advice services for patients with musculoskeletal problems. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(18), 1391. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-f43rep
Scopaz, K. A., Piva, S. R., Gil, A. B., Woollard, J. D., Oddis, C. V, & Fitzgerald, G. K. (2009). Effect of baseline quadriceps activation on changes in quadriceps strength after exercise therapy in subjects with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 61(7), 951–957. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.24650
Speerin, R., Slater, H., Li, L., Moore, K., Chan, M., Dreinhöfer, K., … Briggs, A. M. (2014). Moving from evidence to practice: Models of care for the prevention and management of musculoskeletal conditions. Best Practice and Research: Clinical Rheumatology, 28(3), 479–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2014.07.001
Turolla, A., Rossettini, G., Viceconti, A., Palese, A., & Tommaso, G. (2020). Musculoskeletal physical therapy during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Is telerehabilitation the answer? Physical Therapy, 1–56.
Aily, J. B., de Noronha, M., de Almeida, A. C., Pedroso, M. G., Maciel, J. G., Mattiello-Sverzut, A. C., & Mattiello, S. M. (2019). Evaluation of vastus lateralis architecture and strength of knee extensors in middle-aged and older individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Clinical Rheumatology, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-019-04539-9
Allen, K. D., Arbeeva, L., Callahan, L. F., Golightly, Y. M., Goode, A. P., Heiderscheit, B. C., … Schwartz, T. A. (2018). Physical therapy vs internet-based exercise training for patients with knee osteoarthritis: results of a randomized controlled trial. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 26(3), 383–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2017.12.008
Altman, D., Machin, D., Bryant, T., & Gardner, M. (2013). Statistics with confidence: confidence intervals and statistical guidelines. John Wiley & Sons.
Altman, R., Asch, E., Bloch, D., Bole, G., Borenstein, D., Brandt, K., … Wolfe, F. (1986). Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis: Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 29(8), 1039–1049. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780290816
Arden, N. K., & Leyland, K. M. (2013). Osteoarthritis year 2013 in review: Clinical. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 21(10), 1409–1413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2013.06.021
Azma, K., RezaSoltani, Z., Rezaeimoghaddam, F., Dadarkhah, A., & Mohsenolhosseini, S. (2018). Efficacy of tele-rehabilitation compared with office-based physical therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 24(8), 560–565. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X17723368
Baller, S., Dutta, S., & Lanvin, B. (2016). Global information technology report 2016. Ouranos Geneva.
Barton, C. J., Lack, S., Hemmings, S., Tufail, S., & Morrissey, D. (2015). The “Best Practice Guide to Conservative Management of Patellofemoral Pain”: Incorporating level 1 evidence with expert clinical reasoning. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(14), 923–934. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093637
Bellamy, N., Buchanan, W. W., Goldsmith, C. H., Campbell, J., & Stitt, L. W. (1988). Validation study of WOMAC: A health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. The Journal of Rheumatology, 15, 1833–1840.
Bellamy, N., Carette, S., Ford, P. M., Kean, W. F., Lussier, A., Wells, G. A., & Campbell, J. (1992). Osteoarthritis antirheumatic drug trials. II. Tables for calculating sample size for clinical trials. The Journal of Rheumatology, 19(3), 444–450.
Bijur, P., Silver, W., & Gallagher, E. (2001). Reliability of the visual analog scale for measurement of acute pain. Academic Emergency Medicine, 8(12), 1153–1157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb01132.x
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Cavallo, D. N., Brown, J. D., Tate, D. F., DeVellis, R. F., Zimmer, C., & Ammerman, A. S. (2014). The role of companionship, esteem, and informational support in explaining physical activity among young women in an online social network intervention. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37(5), 955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-013-9534-5
Choi, J., Hergenroeder, A. L., Burke, L., Dabbs, A. D., Morrell, M., Saptono, A., & Parmanto, B. (2016). Delivering an in-home exercise program via telerehabilitation: A pilot study of lung transplant go (LTGO). International Journal of Telerehabilitation, 8(2), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.5195/IJT.2016.6201
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1234/12345678
Cross, M., Smith, E., Hoy, D., Nolte, S., Ackerman, I., Fransen, M., … March, L. (2014). The global burden of hip and knee osteoarthritis: Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 73(7), 1323–1330. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204763
Dantas, L. O., Barreto, R. P., & Ferreira, C. H. (2020). Digital physical therapy in the COVID-19 pandemic. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 24, 381–383.
de Almeida, A. C., Pedroso, M. G., Aily, J. B., Gonçalves, G. H., Pastre, C. M., & Mattiello, S. M. (2018). Influence of a periodized circuit training protocol on intermuscular adipose tissue of patients with knee osteoarthritis: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 19(1), 421. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2325-y
Dobson, F., Bennell, K. L., French, S. D., Nicolson, P. J. A., Klaasman, R. N., Holden, M. A., … Hinman, R. S. (2016). Barriers and Facilitators to Exercise Participation in People with Hip and/or Knee Osteoarthritis: Synthesis of the Literature Using Behavior Change Theory. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95(5), 372–389. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000448
Elo, S., Kääriäinen, M., Kanste, O., Pölkki, T., Utriainen, K., & Kyngäs, H. (2014). Qualitative Content Analysis: A Focus on Trustworthiness. SAGE Open, 4(1), 215824401452263. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014522633
Fernandes, L., Hagen, K. B., Bijlsma, J. W. J., Andreassen, O., Christensen, P., Conaghan, P. G., … Vliet Vlieland, T. P. M. (2013). EULAR recommendations for the non-pharmacological core management of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 72(7), 1125–1135. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202745
Goode, A. D., Reeves, M. M., & Eakin, E. G. (2012). Telephone-delivered interventions for physical activity and dietary behavior change: An updated systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(1), 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.08.025
Herbert, R., Jamtvedt, G., Hagen, K. B., Mead, J., & Chalmers, I. (2011). Practical evidence-based physiotherapy-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Hinman, R. S., Lawford, B. J., Campbell, P. K., Briggs, A. M., Gale, J., Bills, C., … Bennell, K. L. (2017). Telephone-delivered exercise advice and behavior change support by physical therapists for people with knee osteoarthritis: Protocol for the telecare randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy, 97, 1–59.
Hong, S.-Y., Hughes, S., & Prohaska, T. (2008). Factors affecting exercise attendance and completion in sedentary older adults: a meta-analytic approach. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 5(3), 385–397. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18579917
Howell, D. C. (2009). Statistical methods for psychology. Cengage Learning.
Hunter, D. J., & Bierma-zeinstra, S. (2019). Osteoarthritis. Lancet, 393, 1745–1759. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30417-9
Kellgren, J. H., & Lawrence, J. S. (1957). Radiological assessment of osteo-arthrosis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 16(4), 494–502. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.16.4.494
Kloek, C. J. J., Bossen, D., Spreeuwenberg, P. M., Dekker, J., de Bakker, D. H., & Veenhof, C. (2018). Effectiveness of a blended physical therapist intervention in people with hip osteoarthritis, knee osteoarthritis, or both: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy, 98(7), 560–570. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy045
Lee, A. C. W., & Harada, N. D. (2013). Telerehabilitation as a means of health-care delivery. In S. Kumar & E. R. Cohn (Eds.), Telerehabilitation (pp. 79–89). London: Springer London. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4198-3_6
Lieber, R. L., & Fridén, J. (2000). Functional and clinical significance of skeletal muscle architecture. Muscle Nerve, 23(November), 1647–1666.
Marquez, B., Anderson, A., Wing, R. R., West, D. S., Newton, R. L., Meacham, M., … Group, T. L. A. R. (2016). The relationship of social support with treatment adherence and weight loss in Latinos with type 2 diabetes. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 24(3), 568. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21382
McAlindon, T. E., Bannuru, R. R., Sullivan, M. C., Arden, N. K., Berenbaum, F., Bierma-Zeinstra, S. M., … Underwood, M. (2014). OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 22(3), 363–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2014.01.003
Messier, S. P., Mihalko, S. L., Beavers, D. P., Nicklas, B. J., Devita, P., Carr, J. J., … Loeser, R. F. (2013). Strength Training for Arthritis Trial (START): Design and rationale. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 14(1), 208. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-14-208
Neal, B. S., Barton, C. J., Birn-Jeffrey, A., Daley, M., & Morrissey, D. (2018). The effects and mechanisms of increasing running step rate: A feasibility study in a mixed-sex group of runners with patellofemoral pain. Physical Therapy in Sport, 32, 244–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.05.018
Nelson, M. J., Crossley, K. M., Bourke, M. G., & Russell, T. G. (2017). Telerehabilitation feasibility in total joint replacement. International Journal of Telerehabilitation, 9(2), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.5195/IJT.2017.6235
Newman-Beinart, N. A., Norton, S., Dowling, D., Gavriloff, D., Vari, C., Weinman, J. A., & Godfrey, E. L. (2017). The development and initial psychometric evaluation of a measure assessing adherence to prescribed exercise: the Exercise Adherence Rating Scale (EARS). Physiotherapy (United Kingdom), 103(2), 180–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2016.11.001
Older adults and technology use | Pew Research Center. (2014, April 15). Retrieved from https://www.pewinternet.org/2014/04/03/older-adults-and-technology-use/
Pope, C., Ziebland, S., & Mays, N. (2006). Analysing qualitative data. Qualitative Research in Health Care, 63–81.
Renda, M., & Lape, J. E. (2018). Feasibility and effectiveness of telehealth occupational therapy home modification interventions. International Journal of Telerehabilitation, 10(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.5195/IJT.2018.6244
Richardson, J. T. E. (2011). The analysis of 2× 2 contingency tables—Yet again. Statistics in Medicine, 30(8), 890.
Salisbury, C., Montgomery, A. A., Hollinghurst, S., Hopper, C., Bishop, A., Franchini, A., … Foster, N. E. (2014). Effectiveness of PhysioDirect telephone assessment and advice services for patients with musculoskeletal problems. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(18), 1391. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-f43rep
Scopaz, K. A., Piva, S. R., Gil, A. B., Woollard, J. D., Oddis, C. V, & Fitzgerald, G. K. (2009). Effect of baseline quadriceps activation on changes in quadriceps strength after exercise therapy in subjects with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 61(7), 951–957. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.24650
Speerin, R., Slater, H., Li, L., Moore, K., Chan, M., Dreinhöfer, K., … Briggs, A. M. (2014). Moving from evidence to practice: Models of care for the prevention and management of musculoskeletal conditions. Best Practice and Research: Clinical Rheumatology, 28(3), 479–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2014.07.001
Turolla, A., Rossettini, G., Viceconti, A., Palese, A., & Tommaso, G. (2020). Musculoskeletal physical therapy during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Is telerehabilitation the answer? Physical Therapy, 1–56.
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